الأربعاء، 6 فبراير 2013


جدول الغدد الصم والهرمونات التي تفرزها

This is a table of the glands of the endocrine system, and their secreted hormones

الوطاء Hypothalamus

الهرمون المفرزاختصارهمن خلاياتأثيره
Thyrotropin-releasing hormoneTRHParvocellular neurosecretory neuronsRelease thyroid-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release from anterior pituitary.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGnRHNeuroendocine cells of the Preoptic areaRelease of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone-releasing hormoneGHRHNeuroendocrine neurons of the Arcuate nucleusRelease GH from anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-releasing hormoneCRHParvocellular neurosecretory neuronsRelease ACTH from anterior pituitary
VasopressinParvocellular neurosecretory neuronsRelease ACTH from anterior pituitary
Somatostatin, also growth hormone-inhibiting hormoneSS or GHIHNeuroendocrince cells of thePeriventricular nucleusInhibit release of GH and TSH from anterior pituitary
Prolactin inhibiting hormone or DopaminePIH or DADopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleusInhibit release of prolactin and TSH from anterior pituitary
Prolactin-releasing hormonePRHRelease prolactin from anterior pituitary

Pineal body

الهرمون المفرزمن خلاياتأثيره
ملاتونين (أساساً)الخلايا الصنوبرية Pinealocytesمضاد للتأكسد antioxidant ويسبب النعاس

الغدة النخامية Pituitary (النخامية hypophysis)

الفص الأمامي من الغدة النخامية النخامية الأمامية Anterior pituitary فص (adenohypophysis)

الهرمون المفرزاختصارهمن خلاياتأثيره
Growth hormoneGHSomatotropesstimulates growth and cell reproduction
ProlactinPRLLactotropesmilk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts
Adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropinACTHCorticotropessynthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
LipotropinCorticotropeslipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropinTSHThyrotropesstimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Follicle-stimulating hormoneFSHGonadotropesIn female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.
In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by theSertoli cells of the testes
Luteinizing hormoneLHGonadotropesIn female: ovulation
In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
اوكسيتوسين OxytocinMagnocellular neurosecretory cellsContraction of cervix and vagina
Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[1] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) [2]. يدر لبن الثدي
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormoneAVP or ADHMagnocellular neurosecretory cellsretention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction

Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars intermedia)

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
Melanocyte-stimulating hormoneMSHMelanotrophmelanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair.

الدرقية Thyroid

الهرمون المفرزاختصارهمن خلاياتأثيره
TriiodothyronineT3Thyroid epithelial cellpotent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity tocatecholamines,
Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronineT4Thyroid epithelial cellsless active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity tocatecholamines,
affect protein synthesis, often functions as a prohormone
CalcitoninParafollicular cellsConstruct bone
reduce blood Ca2+

الجار درقية Parathyroid

الهرمون المفرزاختصارهمن خلاياتأثيره
Parathyroid hormonePTHParathyroid chief cellincrease blood Ca2+: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts
(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:
  • (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
  • activate vitamin D)

القلب

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
Atrial-natriuretic peptideANPCardiac myocytesReduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats
Brain natriuretic peptideBNPCardiac myocytes(To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:
reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

Striated muscle

Secreted hormoneFrom cellsEffect
ThrombopoietinMyocytesstimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

البشرة

Secreted hormoneFrom cellsEffect
Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)Inactive form of Vitamin D3

نسيج شحمي Adipose tissue

الهرمون المفرزFrom cellsEffect
لپتين Leptin (أساساً)Adipocytesdecrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
Estrogens[4] (mainly Estrone)Adipocytes

المعدة

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
گاسترين Gastrin(أساساً)G cellsSecretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
GhrelinP/D1 cellsStimulate appetite,
Neuropeptide YNPYincreased food intake and decreased physical activity
سكرتين Secretinخلايا Sافراز البيكربونات من الكبدالبنكرياس و غدد برونر Brunner's gland الاثنى عشرية
Enhances effects of cholecystokinin يوقف انتاج العصارة المعدية
سوماتوستاتين SomatostatinD cellsSuppress release of gastrincholecystokinin (CCK), secretinmotilinvasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon
Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [5]
هستامين HistamineECL cellsstimulate gastric acid secretion
EndothelinX cellsSmooth muscle contraction of stomach [6]

الإثنى عشر

الهرمون المفرزمن خلاياتأثيره
CholecystokininI cellsRelease of digestive enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant

الكبد

الهرمون المفرزالاختصارمن خلاياتأثيره
Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) (Primarily)IGFHepatocytesinsulin-like effects
regulate cell growth and development
Angiotensinogen and angiotensinHepatocytesvasoconstriction
release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.
ThrombopoietinHepatocytesstimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

البنكرياس

Secreted hormoneمن خلاياEffect
Insulin (Primarily)ß Islet cellsIntake of glucoseglycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood
intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects
Glucagon (Also Primarily)a Islet cellsglycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
increases blood glucose level
Somatostatind Islet cellsInhibit release of insulin [7]
Inhibit release of glucagon[7] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.
Pancreatic polypeptidePP cellsUnknown

الكلية

Secreted hormoneمن خلاياEffect
Renin (Primarily)Juxtaglomerular cellsActivates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
Erythropoietin (EPO)Extraglomerular mesangial cellsStimulate erythrocyte production
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)Active form of vitamin D3
Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH
Thrombopoietinstimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

Adrenal glands

Adrenal cortex

Secreted hormoneFrom cellsEffect
Glucocorticoids (chieflycortisol)zona fasciculata andzona reticularis cellsStimulation of gluconeogenesis
Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatictissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive
Mineralocorticoids(chiefly aldosterone)Zona glomerulosacellsIncrease blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)
Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.
Androgens (includingDHEA andtestosterone)Zona fasciculata andZona reticularis cellsVirilizationanabolic

Adrenal medulla

Secreted hormoneFrom cellsEffect
Adrenaline(epinephrine) (Primarily)Chromaffin cellsFight-or-flight response:
Noradrenaline(norepinephrine)Chromaffin cellsFight-or-flight response:
DopamineChromaffin cellsIncrease heart rate and blood pressure
EnkephalinChromaffin cellsRegulate pain

الخصيتان

Secreted hormoneمن خلاياEffect
Androgens (chieflytestosterone)Leydig cellsAnabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,
Virilizingmaturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.
EstradiolSertoli cellsPrevent apoptosis of germ cells[8]
InhibinSertoli cellsInhibit production of FSH

Ovary

These originate either from the ovarian follicle or the corpus luteum.
Secreted hormoneFrom cellsEffect
پروجسترون ProgesteroneGranulosa cells,theca cellsSupport pregnancy[9]:
غيره:
AndrostenedioneTheca cellsSubstrate for estrogen
Estrogens (mainlyestradiol)Granulosa cellsStructural:
Protein synthesis:
  • Increase hepatic production of binding proteins
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
  • Reduce bowel motility
  • Increase cholesterol in bile
Melanin:
Cancer:
Lung function:
InhibinGranulosa cellsInhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary

المشيمة (أثناء الحمل)

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
Progesterone (أساساً)Support pregnancy[9]:
Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone
Estrogens (mainly Estriol) (Also Primarily)Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen
Human chorionic gonadotropinHCGSyncytiotrophoblastpromote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy
Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.
Human placental lactogenHPLSyncytiotrophoblastincrease production of insulin and IGF-1
increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance
InhibinFetal Trophoblastssuppress FSH

الرحم (when pregnant)

Secreted hormoneAbbreviationFrom cellsEffect
پرولاكتين ProlactinPRLDecidual cellsmilk production in mammary glands
RelaxinDecidual cellsUnclear in humans

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