جدول الغدد الصم والهرمونات التى تفرزها .

جدول الغدد الصم والهرمونات التي تفرزها

This is a table of the glands of the endocrine system, and their secreted hormones

الوطاء Hypothalamus

الهرمون المفرز	اختصاره	من خلايا	تأثيره
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone	TRH	Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons	Release thyroid-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary (primarily) Stimulate prolactin release from anterior pituitary.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone	GnRH	Neuroendocine cells of the Preoptic area	Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone	GHRH	Neuroendocrine neurons of the Arcuate nucleus	Release GH from anterior pituitary
Corticotropin-releasing hormone	CRH	Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons	Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
Vasopressin		Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons	Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
Somatostatin, also growth hormone-inhibiting hormone	SS or GHIH	Neuroendocrince cells of thePeriventricular nucleus	Inhibit release of GH and TSH from anterior pituitary
Prolactin inhibiting hormone or Dopamine	PIH or DA	Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus	Inhibit release of prolactin and TSH from anterior pituitary
Prolactin-releasing hormone	PRH		Release prolactin from anterior pituitary

Pineal body

الهرمون المفرز	من خلايا	تأثيره
ملاتونين (أساساً)	الخلايا الصنوبرية Pinealocytes	مضاد للتأكسد antioxidant ويسبب النعاس

الغدة النخامية Pituitary (النخامية hypophysis)

الفص الأمامي من الغدة النخامية النخامية الأمامية Anterior pituitary فص (adenohypophysis)

الهرمون المفرز	اختصاره	من خلايا	تأثيره
Growth hormone	GH	Somatotropes	stimulates growth and cell reproduction Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver
Prolactin	PRL	Lactotropes	milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts
Adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin	ACTH	Corticotropes	synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
Lipotropin		Corticotropes	lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
Thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyrotropin	TSH	Thyrotropes	stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Follicle-stimulating hormone	FSH	Gonadotropes	In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary. In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by theSertoli cells of the testes
Luteinizing hormone	LH	Gonadotropes	In female: ovulation In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
اوكسيتوسين Oxytocin		Magnocellular neurosecretory cells	Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[1] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) [2]. يدر لبن الثدي
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone	AVP or ADH	Magnocellular neurosecretory cells	retention of water in kidneys moderate vasoconstriction

Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars intermedia)

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone	MSH	Melanotroph	melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair.

الدرقية Thyroid

الهرمون المفرز	اختصاره	من خلايا	تأثيره
Triiodothyronine	T3	Thyroid epithelial cell	potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity tocatecholamines, affect protein synthesis
Thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine	T4	Thyroid epithelial cells	less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity tocatecholamines, affect protein synthesis, often functions as a prohormone
Calcitonin		Parafollicular cells	Construct bone reduce blood Ca2+

الجار درقية Parathyroid

الهرمون المفرز	اختصاره	من خلايا	تأثيره
Parathyroid hormone	PTH	Parathyroid chief cell	increase blood Ca2+: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney activate vitamin D (Slightly) decrease blood phosphate: (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones activate vitamin D)

القلب

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
Atrial-natriuretic peptide	ANP	Cardiac myocytes	Reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats
Brain natriuretic peptide	BNP	Cardiac myocytes	(To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by: reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

Striated muscle

Secreted hormone	From cells	Effect
Thrombopoietin	Myocytes	stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

البشرة

Secreted hormone	From cells	Effect
Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3)		Inactive form of Vitamin D3

نسيج شحمي Adipose tissue

الهرمون المفرز	From cells	Effect
لپتين Leptin (أساساً)	Adipocytes	decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
Estrogens[4] (mainly Estrone)	Adipocytes

المعدة

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
گاسترين Gastrin(أساساً)		G cells	Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
Ghrelin		P/D1 cells	Stimulate appetite, secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland
Neuropeptide Y	NPY		increased food intake and decreased physical activity
سكرتين Secretin		خلايا S	افراز البيكربونات من الكبد, البنكرياس و غدد برونر Brunner's gland الاثنى عشرية Enhances effects of cholecystokinin يوقف انتاج العصارة المعدية
سوماتوستاتين Somatostatin		D cells	Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon Lowers rate of gastric emptying Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [5]
هستامين Histamine		ECL cells	stimulate gastric acid secretion
Endothelin		X cells	Smooth muscle contraction of stomach [6]

الإثنى عشر

الهرمون المفرز	من خلايا	تأثيره
Cholecystokinin	I cells	Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant

الكبد

الهرمون المفرز	الاختصار	من خلايا	تأثيره
Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) (Primarily)	IGF	Hepatocytes	insulin-like effects regulate cell growth and development
Angiotensinogen and angiotensin		Hepatocytes	vasoconstriction release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.
Thrombopoietin		Hepatocytes	stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

البنكرياس

Secreted hormone	من خلايا	Effect
Insulin (Primarily)	ß Islet cells	Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects
Glucagon (Also Primarily)	a Islet cells	glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver increases blood glucose level
Somatostatin	d Islet cells	Inhibit release of insulin [7] Inhibit release of glucagon[7] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.
Pancreatic polypeptide	PP cells	Unknown

الكلية

Secreted hormone	من خلايا	Effect
Renin (Primarily)	Juxtaglomerular cells	Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
Erythropoietin (EPO)	Extraglomerular mesangial cells	Stimulate erythrocyte production
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)		Active form of vitamin D3 Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH
Thrombopoietin		stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets[3]

Adrenal glands

Adrenal cortex

Secreted hormone	From cells	Effect
Glucocorticoids (chieflycortisol)	zona fasciculata andzona reticularis cells	Stimulation of gluconeogenesis Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatictissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive
Mineralocorticoids(chiefly aldosterone)	Zona glomerulosacells	Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.
Androgens (includingDHEA andtestosterone)	Zona fasciculata andZona reticularis cells	Virilization, anabolic

Adrenal medulla

Secreted hormone	From cells	Effect
Adrenaline(epinephrine) (Primarily)	Chromaffin cells	Fight-or-flight response: Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume,vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g., digestion) Suppress immune system
Noradrenaline(norepinephrine)	Chromaffin cells	Fight-or-flight response: Boost the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume,vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells) Increase skeletal muscle readiness.
Dopamine	Chromaffin cells	Increase heart rate and blood pressure
Enkephalin	Chromaffin cells	Regulate pain

الخصيتان

Secreted hormone	من خلايا	Effect
Androgens (chieflytestosterone)	Leydig cells	Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength, Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.
Estradiol	Sertoli cells	Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8]
Inhibin	Sertoli cells	Inhibit production of FSH

Ovary

These originate either from the ovarian follicle or the corpus luteum.

Secreted hormone	From cells	Effect
پروجسترون Progesterone	Granulosa cells,theca cells	Support pregnancy[9]: Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune response, e.g., towards the human embryo Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[9] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. غيره: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation[10] Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Anti-inflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity[11] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Increase resilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament, and skin Promote healing by regulating collagen Provide nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen
Androstenedione	Theca cells	Substrate for estrogen
Estrogens (mainlyestradiol)	Granulosa cells	Structural: Promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics Accelerate height growth Accelerate metabolism (burn fat) Reduce muscle mass Stimulate endometrial growth Increase uterine growth Maintain blood vessels and skin Reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation Protein synthesis: Increase hepatic production of binding proteins Coagulation: Increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen Increase platelet adhesiveness Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat depositition Fluid balance: Regulate salt (sodium) and water retention Increase growth hormone Increase cortisol, SHBG Gastrointestinal tract: Reduce bowel motility Increase cholesterol in bile Melanin: Increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin Cancer: Support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [12] (Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.) Lung function: Promote lung function by supporting alveoli[13].
Inhibin	Granulosa cells	Inhibit production of FSH from anterior pituitary

المشيمة (أثناء الحمل)

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
Progesterone (أساساً)			Support pregnancy[9]: Inhibit immune response, towards the fetus. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[9] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids. Other effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle-progesterone
Estrogens (mainly Estriol) (Also Primarily)			Effects on mother similar to ovarian follicle estrogen
Human chorionic gonadotropin	HCG	Syncytiotrophoblast	promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.
Human placental lactogen	HPL	Syncytiotrophoblast	increase production of insulin and IGF-1 increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance
Inhibin		Fetal Trophoblasts	suppress FSH

الرحم (when pregnant)

Secreted hormone	Abbreviation	From cells	Effect
پرولاكتين Prolactin	PRL	Decidual cells	milk production in mammary glands
Relaxin		Decidual cells	Unclear in humans

وصلات خارجية

• Journals Designed for Clinical Endocrinologists

• Islet cell antibody
• Binding of antibody to pancreas
• Kidshealth.org

المصادر

• شبكة العلوم العربية
• ويكيبديا